Tanaman obat diebetes melitus

Istilah obat anti diabetes (OAD) sebenarnya kurang tepat, karena sampai saat ini belum ada obat untuk menyembuhkan penyakit yang biasa disebut kencing manis ini. Sedangkan obat yang ada sebenarnya hanya untuk menurunkan kadar gula dalam darah.

Pemberian obat adalah usaha terakhir setelah pengaturan makan (diet) dan olahraga tidak memberikan hasil. Bhakan ada obat yang mengurangi kadar gula pada saat makan saja, setelah itu obat tidak akan mempunyai pengaruh apa-apa terhadap kadar gula dalam darah.

Bagi penderita diabetes, menurunkan kadar gula memang merupakan suatu perjuangan yang berat dan memerlukan kedisiplinan yang tinggi. Namun sekarang di kalangan kedokteran dan farmasi mulai menawarkan kemungkinan penggunaan bahan alami dari tumbuh-tumbuhan obat untuk menurunkan kadar gula dalam darah.

Dalam edisi ini dimuat beberapa jenis tumbuhan yang bisaimanfaatkan untuk mengatasi kencing manis tersebut. Dengan mengkonsumsi ramuan tersebut diharapkan kadar gula darah penderita diabetes dapat selalu stabil dan normal.

1. Ciplukan (Physalis minima)

Tergolong tumbuhan liar jenis perdu, tumbuh subur di dataran rendah sampai 1550 m di aas permukaan laut. Bunga berwarna kuning, buah berbentuk bulat dan berwarna hijau kekuningan, kaau sudah tua berwarna coklat. Zat yang terkandung di salamnya yaitu asam malat, alkaloid, tanin, kriptoxantin, vitamin C dan gula.

Ramuan:

• Ambil satu batang ciplukan yang sudah berbuah beserta akarnya.
• Bersihkan, kemudian jemur agar layu.
• Direbus dengan 3 gelas air sampai tersisa satu gelas saja.
• Saring lalu minum selagi hangat.

2. Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon spicatus), tumbuh liar, batangnya berkayu segiempat agak beralur. Daun tunggal warna hijau, bunga warna putih, beang sari lebih panjang dari kelopak bunga. Zat yang terkandung di salamnya antara lain nthosiphonin glikosida, zat samak, minyak atsiri, minyak lemak, saponin, sapofonin, garam kalium, mionositol dan sinensetin.

Ramuan:

• Ambil 7 lembar daun kumis kucing, 7 lembar daun sambiloto, 1/2 batang brotowali.
• Potong-potong, kemudian direbus dengan 3 gelas air, hingga tersisa 2 gelas, saring.
• Minum pagi dan sore masing-masing satu gelas.
• Lakukan 30 menit sebelum makan

3. Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava), berasal dari tiongkok, berbuah sepanjang tahun, daun tungga berwarna hijau, buah bulat telur berwarna hijau kekuning-kuningan, bunga tunggal berwarna putih. Zat yang terkandung di salamnya antara lain tanin, minyak atsiri, minyak lemak, damar, zat semak, triterpenoid, asam malad dan asam apsel, asam amino, pektin, kalsium, fosfor, zat besi, mangan, ,magnesium, belerang, dan vitamin A,B dan C. saat dimasak kandungan vitamin C dapat mencapai 3-6 kali lipat lebih tinggi dari jeruk.

Ramuan :

• Potong-potong 1 buah jambu mengkal (gemadung)
• Rebus dengan 3 gelas air hingga tersisa 1 gelas, saring.
• Minum sekaligus
• Lakukan dua kali sehari

4. Tapak Dara (catharantus roseus), berasal dari amerika tengah dan biasa ditanam sebagai tanaman hias. Warnanya ada yang putin, merah muda, buahnya buah bumbung, menggantung berisi banyak biji berwarna hitam. Di dalamnya terdapat lebih dari 70 macam alkaloid, yaitu komponen anti kanker dan berkhasiat menurunkan gula darah, tetapi menggunakan ini harus berhati-hati, tidak boleh melebihi batas karena mengandung racun yang berbahaya.

Ramuan:

• Rebus 15 gram daun tapak dara segar dengan 5 gelas air hingga tersisa setengahnya.
• Dinginkan, bagi menjadi 2 bagian yang sama, minum pagi dan sore.

5. Salam (syzyqium polyantahun), tumbuhan salam tumbuhan dataran rendah hingga yang berketinggian 1400 m di atas permukaan laut. Tinggi pohon dapat mencapai 25 m. Daun salam diketahui mengandung 0,05 % atsiri yaitu sejenis minyak anti bakteri, tanin, flavonoid, sitral dan euganol.

Ramuan:

• Ambil 15 lembar daun salam segar.
• Cuci, lalu rebus dengan 3 gelas air hingga tersisa 2 gelas air.
• Saring, minum ramuan ini sekaligus sebelum makan.
• Lakukan 2 kali sehari

6. Dandang Gendis (Clinacanthus nutans), merupakan tanaman perdu, tinggi 2,5 m. Batang berkayu, tagak, beruas dan berwarna hijau. Daun tunggal berhadapan, bentuk lanset, brtulang menyirip, berwarna hijau.

Ramuan:

• Ambil 2 genggam atau 10 gram daun dandang gendis yang sudah dilayukan.
• Masukkan ke dalam air yang telah mendidih, dan rendam sekitar satu menit
• Saring, setelah dingin minum.

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Enam cara alami menaikkan level serotonin dalam otak

Dr Natasha Turner
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Apa yang menyebabkan mood jatuh?
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Meskipun serotonin biasanya diakui sebagai zat kimia otak, sebagian besar neurotransmitter ini diproduksi di saluran pencernaan kita. Serotonin memiliki pengaruh kuat atas suasana hati, emosi, memori, mengidam (terutama untuk karbohidrat), harga diri, toleransi nyeri, kebiasaan tidur, nafsu makan, pencernaan dan regulasi-suhu tubuh. Hal ini sering dianggap sebagai kami "happy hormon," terutama karena peningkatan produksi ketika kita terkena sinar matahari alami. Dan mari kita hadapi itu, setelah berbulan-bulan terjebak di dalam ruangan, sebagian besar Kanada memerangi kadar serotonin yang rendah.
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Produksi serotonin berhubungan erat dengan ketersediaan vitamin B6 dan asam amino triptofan. Jika diet kita kekurangan protein yang cukup dan vitamin, kami menjalankan risiko yang lebih besar dari kekurangan serotonin. Kita mungkin mengalami penurunan serotonin dalam kaitannya dengan penyebab fisiologis, diet, asupan protein yang rendah, gangguan pencernaan, dan juga stres, karena tingginya tingkat hormon stres kortisol merampok kita dari serotonin. Ketika kita mengukur gaya hidup kita saat ini terhadap semua elemen yang diperlukan untuk produksi alami tubuh serotonin, menambahkan stres kronis dan out-of-control multitasking - dua penyebab utama penipisan serotonin - tak heran banyak dari kita menderita habis serotonin .
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Menurut pendapat profesional saya, kekurangan serotonin telah menjadi epidemi proporsi sama dengan obesitas. Saya juga percaya paralel ini adalah kebetulan. Mari kita lihat apa yang dapat Anda lakukan untuk memastikan Anda menjaga kadar serotonin Anda up:
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1. Mulai berpura-pura itu musim panas
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Dengan ini saya tidak bermaksud memakai celana pendek dan sandal dan berdiri di luar menggigil - meskipun cuaca perlahan merangkak naik. Apa yang dapat Anda lakukan adalah melakukan kegiatan yang membuat Anda bersemangat untuk cuaca yang lebih hangat seperti merencanakan liburan musim panas Anda (dengan hitungan mundur pada kalender), pemesanan beberapa waktu di sebuah pondok, mengkonfirmasikan akhir pekan berkemah, pergi untuk pedikur (setelah bersembunyi musim dingin di sepatu semua orang membutuhkan pedikur yang baik) dan bahkan menyelamatkan barbeque dari hiberation. Saya tahu bau barbekyu membuat saya merasa seperti musim panas akan datang.
Cari tahu apa yang membuat Anda merasa baik dan memasukkannya ke dalam tindakan
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2. Mengurangi kesedihan dengan 5-HTP
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Sebuah turunan dari triptofan, dan satu langkah lebih dekat untuk serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) telah ditemukan untuk benar-benar menjadi lebih efektif daripada triptofan untuk mengobati sulit tidur, depresi, kecemasan dan fibromyalgia. Sebagai bonus tambahan, ia memiliki pengaruh positif pada berat badan dan dapat mengekang out-of-control nafsu makan - alasan lain mengapa suplemen besar pergi ke bulan-bulan hangat. Dalam satu penelitian di Italia, wanita yang mengambil 5-HTP kehilangan 10 pound selama 12 minggu, dibandingkan dengan £ 2 pada kelompok plasebo.
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Intinya: Saya sarankan mengambil 50-400 mg per hari dalam dosis terbagi sepanjang hari atau sebelum tidur. Produk ini harus diambil untuk setidaknya 4-6 minggu untuk mencapai efektivitas penuh.
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3. Tenangkan otak Anda dengan vitamin B
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Saya menyarankan pasien saya tetap B-kompleks di meja mereka selama masa stres. Total asupan tinggi vitamin B6 dan B12 yang dikaitkan dengan risiko yang lebih rendah dari gejala depresi dari waktu ke waktu pada orang dewasa masyarakat yang berada tua, menurut hasil penelitian kohort dilaporkan dalam American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Vitamin B6 khususnya mendukung produksi dan fungsi serotonin, melatonin dan dopamin di otak.
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Intinya: Ambil 50-100 mg sebelum tidur atau B-kompleks sekali sehari. Jika Anda menemukan diri Anda menderita kelelahan dan stres kronis, bersama dengan depresi, Anda mungkin ingin menambahkan B5 tambahan (juga dikenal sebagai asam pantotenat). Ini adalah bahan bakar untuk kelenjar adrenal dan dapat mencegah beberapa jenis depresi serta memberikan dukungan untuk sistem saraf pusat. Ambil 250 mg dua kali sehari dengan makanan.
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4. Senyum dengan Wort St John
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Tanaman ini telah terbukti efektif untuk meredakan depresi ringan sampai sedang. Tampaknya untuk bekerja sebagai SSRI alami (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor) dengan mencegah pemecahan serotonin di otak.
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Intinya: dosis saya dianjurkan adalah 900 mg per hari dari makanan, seperti pada naik atau sebelum tidur. Dibutuhkan minimal 4-6 minggu untuk mencapai efektivitas penuh.
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5. Tambahkan inositol ke smoothie Anda
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Tentu hadir dalam banyak makanan, inositol meningkatkan aktivitas serotonin di otak. Sebagai suplemen, itu adalah pilihan yang sangat baik untuk mengurangi kecemasan dan depresi dan mendukung kesehatan sistem saraf. Saya menggunakannya dalam bentuk bubuk dan menambahkannya ke smoothie yang sehari-hari saya atau segelas air sebelum tidur. Inositol sangat efektif untuk menenangkan sistem saraf bila dicampur dengan magnesium.
Intinya: Ambil 4-12 g per hari.
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6. Ikuti cahaya:
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Ada alasan yang cukup baik bahwa Kanada mencintai teras mereka - setelah terjebak di dalam sepanjang musim dingin, kita tidak bisa menunggu untuk mendapatkan udara segar dan sinar matahari. Menuju ke sinar matahari, bahkan pada hari yang dingin, adalah cara tercepat untuk meningkatkan mood Anda (dan membakar beberapa lemak perut). Jika Anda melakukan hal ini pertama di pagi hari pada waktu perut kosong Anda tidak hanya akan membakar 20 persen kalori lebih banyak, Anda akan jumpstart suasana hati Anda sepanjang hari.
Intinya: Mulailah dengan 2-3 pendek berjalan hal pertama di pagi hari dan bekerja dengan cara Anda sampai dengan melakukannya setiap hari (ketika cuaca dan jadwal izin).
Apa yang membantu meningkatkan suasana hati Anda selama musim dingin yang panjang? Marilah kita tahu di bagian komentar di bagian bawah halaman.

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9 KECERDASAN MANUSIA

1.Kecerdasan Linguistik (Syntax Logic)
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Kecerdasan dalam mengolah kata-kata secara efektif baik bicara ataupun menulis (jurnalis, penyair, pengacara)
Ciri-ciri :
- Dapat berargumentasi, meyakinkan orang lain, menghibur atau mengajar dengan efektif lewat kata-kata
- Gemar membaca dan dapat mengartikan bahasa tulisan dengan jelas
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2. Kecerdasan Matematis-Logis (Numeric Logic)
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Kecerdasan dalam hal angka dan logika (ilmuwan, akuntan, programmer)
Ciri-ciri :
- Mudah membuat klasifikasi dan kategorisasi
- Berpikir dalam pola sebab akibat, menciptakan hipotesis
- Pandangan hidupnya bersifat rasional
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3. Kecerdasan Visual-Spasial
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Kecerdasan yang mencakup berpikir dalam gambar, serta mampu untuk menyerap, mengubah dan menciptakan kembali berbagai macam aspek visual (arsitek, fotografer, designer, pilot, insinyur)
Ciri-ciri :
- Kepekaan tajam untuk detail visual, keseimbangan, warna, garis, bentuk dan ruang
- Mudah memperkirakan jarak dan ruang
- Membuat sketsa ide dengan jelas
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4. Kecerdasan Kinestetik-Jasmani
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Kecerdasan menggunakan tubuh atau gerak tubuh untuk mengekspresiakan gagasan dan perasaan (atlet, pengrajin, montir, menjahit, merakit model)
Ciri-ciri :
- Menikmati kegiatan fisik (olahraga)
- Cekatan dan tidak bias tinggal diam
- Berminat dengan segala sesuatu
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5. Kecerdasan Musikal
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Kecerdasan untuk mengembangkan, mengekspresikan dan menikmati bentuk musik dan suara (konduktor, pencipta lagu, penyanyi dsb)
Ciri-ciri :
- Peka nada dan menyanyi lagu dengan tepat
- Dapat mengikuti irama
- Mendengar music dengan tingkat ketajaman lebih
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6. Kecerdasan Interpersonal
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Kecerdasan untuk mengerti dan peka terhadap perasaan, intensi, motivasi, watak dan temperamen orang lain (networker, negotiator, guru)
Ciri-ciri :
- Menghadapi orang lain dengan penuh perhatian, terbuka
- Menjalin kontak mata dengan baik
- Menunjukan empati pada orang lain
- Mendorong orang lain menyampaikan kisahnya
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7. Kecerdasan Intrapersonal
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Kecerdasan pengetahuan akan diri sendiri dan mampu bertidak secara adaptif berdasar pengenalan diri (konselor, teolog)
Ciri-ciri :
- Membedakan berbagai macam emosi
- Mudah mengakses perasaan sendiri
- Menggunakan pemahamannya untuk memperkaya dan membimbing hidupnya
- Mawas diri dan suka meditasi
- Lebih suka kerja sendiri
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8. Kecerdasan Naturalis
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Kecerdasan memahami dan menikmati alam dan menggunakanya secara produktif dan mengembangkam pengetahuan akan alam
(petani, nelayan, pendaki, pemburu)
Ciri-ciri :
- Mencintai lingkungan
- Mampu mengenali sifat dan tingkah laku binatang
- Senang kegiatan di luar (alam)
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9. Kecerdasan Eksistensial
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Kecerdasan untuk menjawab persoalan-persoalan terdalam eksistensi atau keberadaan manusia (filsuf, teolog,)
Ciri-ciri :
- Mempertanyakan hakekat segala sesuatu
- Mempertanyakan keberadaan peran diri sendiri di alam/ dunia

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setiap manusia pasti punya SALAH SATU atau SALAH DUA atau bahkan SALAH SEMUA diantara 9 KECERDASAN tsb.

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How to Increase Serotonin in the Human Brain without Drugs

Simon N. Young
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For the last 4 decades, the question of how to manipulate the serotonergic system with drugs has been an important area of research in biological psychiatry, and this research has led to advances in the treatment of depression. Research on the association between various polymorphisms and depression supports the idea that serotonin plays a role, not only in the treatment of depression but also in susceptibility to depression and suicide. The research focus here has been on polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter, but other serotonin-related genes may also be involved. 
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In the future, genetic research will make it possible to predict with increasing accuracy who is susceptible to depression. Much less attention has been given to how this information will be used for the benefit of individuals with a serotonin-related susceptibility to depression, and little evidence exists concerning strategies to prevent depression in those with such a susceptibility. Various studies have looked at early intervention in those with prodromal symptoms as well as at population strategies for preventing depression. 
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Obviously, prevention is preferable to early intervention; moreover, although population strategies are important, they are ideally supplemented with preventive interventions that can be used over long periods of time in targeted individuals who do not yet exhibit even nonclinical symptoms. Clearly, pharmacologic approaches are not appropriate, and given the evidence for serotonin's role in the etiology and treatment of depression, nonpharmacologic methods of increasing serotonin are potential candidates to test for their ability to prevent depression.
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Another reason for pursuing nonpharmacologic methods of increasing serotonin arises from the increasing recognition that happiness and well-being are important, both as factors protecting against mental and physical disorders and in their own right. Conversely, negative moods are associated with negative outcomes. For example, the negative mood hostility is a risk factor for many disorders. For the sake of brevity, hostility is discussed here mainly in relation to one of the biggest sources of mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD). A meta-analysis of 45 studies demonstrated that hostility is a risk factor for CHD and for all-cause mortality. More recent research confirms this. Hostility is associated not only with the development of CHD but also with poorer survival in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Hostility may lead to decreased social support and social isolation, and low perceived social support is associated with greater mortality in those with CAD. Effects are not just limited to CHD. For example, the opposite of hostility, agreeableness, was a significant protective factor against mortality in a sample of older, frail participants.
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The constitution of the WHO states “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”This may sound exaggerated but positive mood within the normal range is an important predictor of health and longevity. In a classic study, those in the lowest quartile for positive emotions, rated from autobiographies written at a mean age of 22 years, died on average 10 years earlier than those in the highest quartile. Even taking into account possible confounders, other studies “found the same solid link between feeling good and living longer.” In a series of recent studies, negative emotions were associated with increased disability due to mental and physical disorders, increased incidence of depression, increased suicide and increased mortality up to 2 decades later. Positive emotions protected against these outcomes. 
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A recent review including meta-analyses assessed cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental studies and concluded that happiness is associated with and precedes numerous successful outcomes. Mood may influence social behaviour, and social support is one of the most studied psychosocial factors in relation to health and disease. Low social support is associated with higher levels of stress, depression, dysthymia and posttraumatic stress disorder and with increased morbidity and mortality from a host of medical illnesses.
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Research confirms what might be intuitively expected, that positive emotions and agreeableness foster congenial relationships with others. This in turn will create the conditions for an increase in social support.
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Several studies found an association between measures related to serotonin and mood in the normal range. Lower platelet serotonin2 receptor function was associated with lower mood in one study, whereas better mood was associated with higher blood serotonin levels in another. Two studies found that greater prolactin release in response to fenfluramine was associated with more positive mood. The idea that these associations indicate a causal association between serotonin function and mood within the normal range is consistent with a study demonstrating that, in healthy people with high trait irritability, tryptophan, relative to placebo, decreased quarrelsome behaviours, increased agreeable behaviours and improved mood. 
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Serotonin may be associated with physical health as well as mood. In otherwise healthy individuals, a low prolactin response to the serotonin-releasing drug fenfluramine was associated with the metabolic syndrome, a risk factor for heart disease, suggesting that low serotonin may predispose healthy individuals to suboptimal physical as well as mental functioning. Nonpharmacologic methods of raising brain serotonin may not only improve mood and social functioning of healthy people — a worthwhile objective even without additional considerations — but would also make it possible to test the idea that increases in brain serotonin may help protect against the onset of various mental and physical disorders. Four strategies that are worth further investigation are discussed below.
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The article by Perreau-Linck and colleagues provides an initial lead about one possible strategy for raising brain serotonin. Using positron emission tomography, they obtained a measure of serotonin synthesis in the brains of healthy participants who underwent positive, negative and neutral mood inductions. Reported levels of happiness were positively correlated and reported levels of sadness were negatively correlated with serotonin synthesis in the right anterior cingulate cortex. The idea that alterations in thought, either self-induced or due to psychotherapy, can alter brain metabolism is not new. 
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Numerous studies have demonstrated changes in blood flow in such circumstances. However, reports related to specific transmitters are much less common. In one recent study, meditation was reported to increase release of dopamine. The study by Perreau-Linck and colleagues is the first to report that self-induced changes in mood can influence serotonin synthesis. This raises the possibility that the interaction between serotonin synthesis and mood may be 2-way, with serotonin influencing mood and mood influencing serotonin. Obviously, more work is needed to answer questions in this area. For example, is the improvement in mood associated with psychotherapy accompanied by increases in serotonin synthesis? If more precise information is obtained about the mental states that increase serotonin synthesis, will this help to enhance therapy techniques?
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Exposure to bright light is a second possible approach to increasing serotonin without drugs. Bright light is, of course, a standard treatment for seasonal depression, but a few studies also suggest that it is an effective treatment for nonseasonal depression38 and also reduces depressed mood in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder39 and in pregnant women suffering from depression. The evidence relating these effects to serotonin is indirect. In human postmortem brain, serotonin levels are higher in those who died in summer than in those who died in winter. A similar conclusion came from a study on healthy volunteers, in which serotonin synthesis was assessed by measurements of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the venous outflow from the brain. There was also a positive correlation between serotonin synthesis and the hours of sunlight on the day the measurements were made, independent of season. In rats, serotonin is highest during the light part of the light–dark cycle, and this state is driven by the photic cycle rather than the circadian rhythm. The existence of a retinoraphe tract may help explain why, in experimental animals, neuronal firing rates, c-fos expression and the serotonin content in the raphe nuclei are responsive to retinal light exposure. In humans, there is certainly an interaction between bright light and the serotonin system. The mood-lowering effect of acute tryptophan depletion in healthy women is completely blocked by carrying out the study in bright light (3000 lux) instead of dim light.
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Relatively few generations ago, most of the world population was involved in agriculture and was outdoors for much of the day. This would have resulted in high levels of bright light exposure even in winter. Even on a cloudy day, the light outside can be greater than 1000 lux, a level never normally achieved indoors. In a recent study carried out at around latitude 45° N, daily exposure to light greater than 1000 lux averaged about 30 minutes in winter and only about 90 minutes in summer among people working at least 30 hours weekly; weekends were included. In this group, summer bright light exposure was probably considerably less than the winter exposure of our agricultural ancestors. We may be living in a bright light–deprived society. 
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A large literature that is beyond the scope of this editorial exists on the beneficial effect of bright light exposure in healthy individuals. Lamps designed for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder, which provide more lux than is ever achieved by normal indoor lighting, are readily available, although incorporating their use into a daily routine may be a challenge for some. However, other strategies, both personal and institutional, exist. “Light cafes” pioneered in Scandinavia have come to the United Kingdom, and an Austrian village that receives no sunshine in the winter because of its surrounding mountains is building a series of giant mirrors to reflect sunlight into the valley. Better use of daylight in buildings is an issue that architects are increasingly aware of. Working indoors does not have to be associated with suboptimal exposure to bright light.
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A third strategy that may raise brain serotonin is exercise. A comprehensive review of the relation between exercise and mood concluded that antidepressant and anxiolytic effects have been clearly demonstrated.53 In the United Kingdom the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, which works on behalf of the National Health Service and makes recommendations on treatments according to the best available evidence, has published a guide on the treatment of depression.54 The guide recommends treating mild clinical depression with various strategies, including exercise rather than antidepressants, because the risk–benefit ratio is poor for antidepressant use in patients with mild depression. 
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Exercise improves mood in subclinical populations as well as in patients. The most consistent effect is seen when regular exercisers undertake aerobic exercise at a level with which they are familiar. However, some skepticism remains about the antidepressant effect of exercise, and the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States is currently funding a clinical trial of the antidepressant effect of exercise that is designed to overcome sources of potential bias and threats to internal and external validity that have limited previous research.
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Several lines of research suggest that exercise increases brain serotonin function in the human brain. Post and colleagues measured biogenic amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with depression before and after they increased their physical activity to simulate mania. Physical activity increased 5-HIAA, but it is not clear that this was due to increased serotonin turnover or to mixing of CSF from higher regions, which contain higher levels of 5-HIAA, with lumbar CSF (or to a combination of both mechanisms). Nonetheless, this finding stimulated many animal studies on the effects of exercise. For example, Chaouloff and colleagues showed that exercise increased tryptophan and 5-HIAA in rat ventricles. More recent studies using intracerebral dialysis have shown that exercise increases extracellular serotonin and 5-HIAA in various brain areas, including the hippocampus and cortex. Two different mechanisms may be involved in this effect. As reviewed by Jacobs and Fornal, motor activity increases the firing rates of serotonin neurons, and this results in increased release and synthesis of serotonin. In addition, there is an increase in the brain of the serotonin precursor tryptophan that persists after exercise.
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The largest body of work in humans looking at the effect of exercise on tryptophan availability to the brain is concerned with the hypothesis that fatigue during exercise is associated with elevated brain tryptophan and serotonin synthesis. A large body of evidence supports the idea that exercise, including exercise to fatigue, is associated with an increase in plasma tryptophan and a decrease in the plasma level of the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine. The BCAAs inhibit tryptophan transport into the brain.
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Because of the increase in plasma tryptophan and decrease in BCAA, there is a substantial increase in tryptophan availability to the brain. Tryptophan is an effective mild hypnotic, a fact that stimulated the hypothesis that it may be involved in fatigue. A full discussion of this topic is not within the scope of this editorial; however, it is notable that several clinical trials of BCAA investigated whether it was possible to counter fatigue by lowering brain tryptophan, with results that provided little support for the hypothesis. Further, exercise results in an increase in the plasma ratio of tryptophan to the BCAAs before the onset of fatigue. 
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The conclusion of these studies is that, in humans, a rise in precursor availability should increase serotonin synthesis during and after exercise and that this is not related to fatigue, although it may be related to improved mood. Whether motor activity increases the firing rate of serotonin neurons in humans, as in animals, is not known. However, it is clear that aerobic exercise can improve mood.
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As with exposure to bright light, there has been a large change in the level of vigorous physical exercise experienced since humans were hunter-gatherers or engaged primarily in agriculture. Lambert argued that the decline in vigorous physical exercise and, in particular, in effort-based rewards may contribute to the high level of depression in today's society. The effect of exercise on serotonin suggests that the exercise itself, not the rewards that stem from exercise, may be important. If trials of exercise to prevent depression are successful, then prevention of depression can be added to the numerous other benefits of exercise.
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The fourth factor that could play a role in raising brain serotonin is diet. According to some evidence, tryptophan, which increases brain serotonin in humans as in experimental animals, is an effective antidepressant in mild-to-moderate depression. Further, in healthy people with high trait irritability, it increases agreeableness, decreases quarrelsomeness and improves mood.34 However, whether tryptophan should be considered primarily as a drug or a dietary component is a matter of some dispute. In the United States, it is classified as a dietary component, but Canada and some European countries classify it as a drug. Treating tryptophan as a drug is reasonable because, first, there is normally no situation in which purified tryptophan is needed for dietary reasons, and second, purified tryptophan and foods containing tryptophan have different effects on brain serotonin. Although purified tryptophan increases brain serotonin, foods containing tryptophan do not. 
.
This is because tryptophan is transported into the brain by a transport system that is active toward all the large neutral amino acids and tryptophan is the least abundant amino acid in protein. There is competition between the various amino acids for the transport system, so after the ingestion of a meal containing protein, the rise in the plasma level of the other large neutral amino acids will prevent the rise in plasma tryptophan from increasing brain tryptophan. The idea, common in popular culture, that a high-protein food such as turkey will raise brain tryptophan and serotonin is, unfortunately, false. Another popular myth that is widespread on the Internet is that bananas improve mood because of their serotonin content. Although it is true that bananas contain serotonin, it does not cross the blood–brain barrier.
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α-Lactalbumin, a minor constituent of milk, is one protein that contains relatively more tryptophan than most proteins. Acute ingestion of α-lactalbumin by humans can improve mood and cognition in some circumstances, presumably owing to increased serotonin. 
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Enhancing the tryptophan content of the diet chronically with α-lactalbumin is probably not practical. However, increasing the tryptophan content of the diet relative to that of the other amino acids is something that possibly occurred in the past and could occur again in the future. Kerem and colleagues studied the tryptophan content of both wild chickpeas and the domesticated chickpeas that were bred from them in the Near East in neolithic times. The mean protein content (per mg dry seed) was similar for 73 cultivars and 15 wild varieties. In the cultivated group, however, the tryptophan content was almost twice that of the wild seeds. Interestingly, the greater part of the increase was due to an increase in the free tryptophan content (i.e., not part of the protein). In cultivated chickpeas, almost two-thirds of the tryptophan was in the free form. Kerem and colleagues argue that there was probably selection for seeds with a higher tryptophan content. 
.
This is plausible, given another example of an early strategy to increase the available tryptophan content of an important food source. Pellagra is a disorder caused by niacin deficiency, usually owing to poverty and a diet relying heavily on corn (maize), which has a low level of niacin and its precursor tryptophan. Cultures in the Americas that relied greatly on corn used alkali during its processing (e.g., boiling the corn in lime when making tortillas). This enhanced the nutritional quality of the corn by increasing the bioavailability of both niacin and tryptophan, a practice that prevented pellagra. 
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The Europeans transported corn around the world but did not transport the traditional alkali-processing methods, thereby causing epidemics of pellagra in past centuries. Breeding corn with a higher tryptophan content was shown in the 1980s to prevent pellagra; presumably, it also raised brain serotonin. In a recent issue of Nature Biotechnology, Morris and Sands argue that plant breeders should be focusing more on nutrition than on yield. They ask, “Could consumption of tryptophan-rich foods play a role in reducing the prevalence of depression and aggression in society?” Cross-national studies have reported a positive association between corn consumption and homicide rates and a negative association between dietary tryptophan and suicide rates.
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Although the idea behind such studies is interesting, any causal attribution must remain speculative, given the possible confounds. Nonetheless, the possibility that the mental health of a population could be improved by increasing the dietary intake of tryptophan relative to the dietary intake of other amino acids remains an interesting idea that should be explored.
.
The primary purpose of this editorial is to point out that pharmacologic strategies are not the only ones worthy of study when devising strategies to increase brain serotonin function. The effect of nonpharmacologic interventions on brain serotonin and the implications of increased serotonin for mood and behaviour need to be studied more. The amount of money and effort put into research on drugs that alter serotonin is very much greater than that put into non-pharmacologic methods. The magnitude of the discrepancy is probably neither in tune with the wishes of the public nor optimal for progress in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders.

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Ganbare Kickers Gallery

It's winter

Daichi hits the ball

Yoshi Hongo the cool captain

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Ati Radeon 9550 Driver Download Free

The Radeon™ 9550 delivers a great visual experience for the value minded gamer. With 128 bit and DDR memory and impressive processor speed of its innovative .13micron visual processing unit (GPU), the Radeon™ 9550 takes you to a world of lush graphics with a stutter free experience. Its 4 pixel rendering pipelines with a fill rate of 1.0 giga-pixels per second combine to deliver dramatic image detail which adds to great 3D game play and a immersive video playback experience!

At-a-glance:

* The Radeon™ 9550 provides full support for Microsoft® DirectX® 9.0

* Advanced digital video support for flat panel displays (DVI + VGA + VO and dual monitor support included)

* Enhanced de-blocking technology delivers superior streamed internet video playback

* Innovative decoding technology with reduced reliance on the main CPU significantly improves DVD and HDTV video playback quality

download the driver

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Foto gallery Old Trafford dari masa ke masa

Old trafford pasti bukan nama yang asing lagi bagi penggemar sepakbola terutama penggemar klub sepakbola asal Inggris Manchester United, ya sebuah stadion berkapasitas 96.000 tempat duduk sekaligus markas bagi kesebelasan Manchester United.

Old trafford pertama kali dibuka pada tahun 1910 ketika Manchester United pindah dari markas lamanya di Bank Street, Clayton. Stadion baru itu dibangun sejak 1909 dan menghabiskan 60.000 ribu pounds yang menjadi rekor saat itu. Stadion ini didesain oleh seorang arsitek terkenal asal skotlandia Archibald Leitch yang juga mendesain Hampden Park stadion nasional skotlandia, Ibrox Stadium kandang Glasgow Rangers dan White Hart Lane markas Tottenham Hotspurs.


Photo gallery Old Trafford (1926 - 2013):

2013

2002

1996

1994

1990

1984

1983

1979

1978

1973

1966

1959

1938

1926

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PES 2013 Option File 2014/2015

Option File only no patch needed etc... file name:  EDIT.BIN 

WELBECK IN ARSENAL
NEGREDO IN VALENCIA
CHICHARITO IN REAL MADRID
RICHARDS IN FIORENTINA
FALCAO IN MAN U
A.SONG IN WEST HAM UNITED
TORRES IN AC MILAN
BALOTELLI IN LIVERPOOL
ALONSO IN BAYERN
MUNIR IN BARCALONA
BENATIA IN BAYERN
DI MARIA IN MAN U
KROOS IN REAL MADRID
FABREGAS IN CHELSEA
SANCHEZ IN ARSENAL
BRAHIMI IN PORTO
DAVID LUIZ IN PSG
SISSOKHO IN ASTON VILLA
AFELLEY IN OLYMPIACOS
DIEGO LOPEZ IN MILAN
.........And many other transitions........

http://www.mediafire.com/?fngqqwz9tteub89

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Ganbare Kickers, anime kenangan di tahun 90-an

Kemaren hari saya teringat sebuah anime yang dulu saya tonton waktu kecil di tahun 90-an, judulnya Ganbare Kickers, agak lupa di stasiun TV mana dulu ditayangkan, pokoknya ditayangkan di sore hari. Saya cari di forum2 yg membahas anime & manga kayaknya nggak banyak yg tau mungkin kalah pamor dg captain tsubasa, padahal itu anime lebih duluan ditayangkannya & menurut saya pribadi cerita di kickers jauh lebih menyentuh, tidak terlalu panjang episodenya dan tidak terlalu berbelit-belit kayak dragon ball, tsubasa atau naruto yg diceritakan dari kecil hingga dewasanya, biasanya anime2 seperti itu saya malas ngikutinnya karena jenuh dg panjangnya episode mirip sinetron2 indonesia, hoaaaammm

singkat cerita, kickers adalah sebuah tim sepakbola di SD kitahara yg sering jadi bulan2an musuhnya, tim pupuk bawanglah istilahnya, tim payah itu akhirnya memutuskan untuk membubarkan diri sampai akhirnya datang Kakeru, seorang anak pindahan yang sangat antusias dg sepakbola, anak itu punya kemudian membujuk teman2 barunya untuk tidak membubarkan tim, entah bagaimana akhirnya tim itu tidak jadi bubar dan setelah melalui banyak proses tim itu akhirnya menjadi tim kuat dan disegani dg kakeru sebagai ujung tombaknya, hampir semua gol kickers dilesakkan oleh kakeru, sampai di sebuah kejuaraan antar SD tim yg dianggap remeh itu kemudian masuk final, sayang di finalnya mereka kalah, ya dibikin anti klimaks, LOL

kalau ente tinggal di jogja dan sekitarnya masih bisa nonton itu anime di salah satu stasiun tv lokal yg cukup populer di jogja.

salah satu OST Ganbare Kickers, bukan op / end, cuma music background

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Sejarah Operasi Senyap Indonesia ke Afghanistan

Saat presiden Soeharto berkunjung ke Pakistan, moment itu juga di gunakan oleh LB. Moerdani untuk bertemu dengan kepala intelejen Pakistan untuk membahas permintaan pejuang Afganistan untuk bantuan

senjata pada Indonesia.

akhirnya dengan operasi pengiriman senjata itu dilaksanakan dengan sandi operasi " babut mabur ".... atau permadani terbang.

" Sovyet memang pernah bantu kita dalam merebut papua, cuma hubungan memburuk dan banyak senjata tergeletak yang yak terpakai ya kita kaaih aja" ujar Masekal Purnawirawan Teddy Rusdi. Teddy juga lah yang melaksanakan semua operasi babut mabur di lapangan.

Sekitar 2000 pucuk senjata AK. 47 berhasil di kumpulkan dan di satukan semua di lanud Halim... senjata semua di masukan ke box dan di kamuflase dengan selimut dan obat obatan.... di tambah lagi dengan semua no seri harid di hapus agar tak terlacak....

Awalnya senjata akan di titip Amerika, cuma akhirnya Benny memutuskan Indoneaia akan mengirim sendiri senjata tersebut dengan kargo udara, dengan menggunakan Boing 707 Pelita Air, Teddy memimpin pengiriman senjata ke Rawalpindi - Pakistan, dengan transit di Diego Garcia, sebuah pangkalan US yang sangat rahasia.

Akhirnya pesawat sampai di tujuan dan intelejen pakistan menyambut dengan 20 truk untuk membawa senjata tersebut

Selama misi ini berlangsung, atase militer RI di Pakistan pun yang saat itu di jabat Kolonel Kavaleri Harjanto tak tahu, sedang pengawasan pengiriman udara tanggung jawabnya di serahkan pada Kuntara, seorang intel yang di tempatkan di Rawalpindi.

Setelah melewati jalan darat yg berliku, akhirnya bantuan sampai dan di terima langsung pimpinan pejuang Mujahidin di Nangashar.

Sekelumit operasi senyap yang di lakukan LB. Moerdani....

sumber

Group JEJAK KISAH SEJARAH

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Film Indonesia Terbaru 2014 : Kukejar Cinta Ke Negeri Cina

Ridwan Imam Fadli (Adipati Dolken) mahasiswa abadi yang dipanggil Imam, namanya sangat Islami tapi nyaris tidak melakukan kewajiban sebagai muslim. Kekasihnya Widya (Nina Zatulini) adik kelasnya, sudah selesai kuliah dan kerja. Mereka pacaran 4 tahun, Widya mulai tidak sabaran karena Imam belum juga lulus, sebaliknya Imam kecewa karena Widya harus berpakaian kantor yang seksi.

Ketika Imam menemani sahabatnya Billy (Ernest Prakasa) ke kelenteng Sam Po Khong, dia berkenalan dengan Chen Jia Li (Eriska Rein), wanita muslim dari Cina yang berlibur ke tempat leluhurnya sebelum berkhitbah dengan Ma Fu Hsien (Mithu Nisar), pemilik padepokan Wing Chun dan Pesantren di Beijing. Imam terpesona keramahan dan keanggunan Chen Jia Li yang berhijab.

Kenyamanan yang dirasa Imam membuatnya betah bersama Chen Jia Li. Chen Jia Li tidak pernah memaksa, menyuruh bahkan bertanya ketika Imam tidak sholat. Baginya, Imam tidak perlu diingatkan ibadahnya, semua itu harus dari dirinya sendiri.

Imam memilih putus dengan Widya dan siap menyatakan cintanya ke Chen Jia Li. Terlambat, Chen Jia Li sudah kembali ke Cina. Widya minta maaf dan berjanji memperbaiki sikapnya. Tapi Imam malah menyusul Chen Jia Li ke Cina bersama Billy.

Sesampai di Beijing Imam bertekad melamar Chen Jia Li. Namun, Imam kecewa mengetahui Chen Jia Li sedang khitbah dengan Ma Fu Hsien. Imam tidak menyerah, dia mengikuti saran sahabatnya untuk meminta Chen Jia Li dari tunangannya. Chen Jia Li bimbang, dia menyukai Imam tapi tidak ada alasan untuk tidak menerima Ma Fu Hsien.

Sutradara	Fajar Bustomi
Produser	Chand Parwez Servia Fiaz Servia
Pemeran	Adipati Dolken Nina Zatulini Ernest Prakasa Eriska Rein
Studio	Starvision
Tanggal rilis	4 Desember 2014
Bahasa	Bahasa Indonesia

Trailer:

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Option File PES 6 Season 2014/2015

Buat yang masih main PES 6.. Game lawas ga butuh spek gede tapi manteb ada european qualifiersnya yang ga ada di game PES yang laen....

NEW OPTION FILE FOR PES 6 UPDATED 2014/2015 

Leading transitions

TORRES IN AC MILAN
BALOTELLI IN LIVERPOOL
ALONSO IN BAYERN
MUNIR IN BARCALONA
BENATIA IN BAYERN
DI MARIA IN MAN U
MUNIR IN BARCALONA
KROOS IN REAL MADRID
FABREGAS IN CHELSEA
SANCHEZ IN ARSENAL
BRAHIMI IN PORTO
DAVID LUIZ IN PSG
SISSOKHO IN ASTON VILLA
AFELLEY IN OLYMPIACOS
DIEGO LOPEZ IN MILAN

.........And many other transfers........

media api

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